But Levin
Bioelectricity and Brain Development: Consciousness Before the First Neuron Fires
The human brain is the most complex structure in the known universe — 86 billion neurons connected by approximately 100 trillion synapses, generating the electrical storms we experience as thought, emotion, and consciousness. The standard story of brain development begins with neural induction,...
Michael Levin and the Bioelectric Code: The Software Layer of Life
If DNA is the source code of biological life, then bioelectricity is the compiler that turns it into a living organism. For decades, molecular biology has operated under a central dogma: DNA encodes proteins, proteins build structures, and the genome is the master blueprint of form.
Planaria Regeneration and Bioelectric Memory: The Worm That Remembers Its Shape
Cut a planarian flatworm in half, and both halves regenerate into complete organisms. Cut it into ten pieces, and you get ten worms.
Xenobots: Living Robots and the Emergence of Morphogenetic Consciousness
In January 2020, a team led by Michael Levin at Tufts University and Josh Bongard at the University of Vermont announced the creation of xenobots — living organisms assembled from frog cells that spontaneously organized into forms never seen in nature, moved through their environment, healed...